Yetişkinlerde Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu’nun Günlük Yaşam Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme
A Review of the Effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Daily Life in Adults
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15719213Keywords:
Dikkat Eksikliği, Hiperaktivite, Yetişkin DEHB, Günlük Yaşam, İşlevsellik, Psikososyal Etkiler, Tedavi Yöntemleri, Nörogelişimsel Bozukluk, Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Adult ADHD, Daily Life, Functionality, Psychosocial Effects, Treatment Methods, Neurodevelopmental DisorderAbstract
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Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB), yalnızca çocukluk dönemiyle sınırlı kalmayıp, yetişkinlik döneminde de önemli işlevsel bozulmalara yol açan nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. “Yetişkin DEHB’si, bireyin akademik, mesleki ve sosyal işlevselliğini ciddi şekilde etkileyen kalıcı bir rahatsızlık olarak tanımlanır” Araştırmalar, DEHB’nin yetişkinlerde işyeri performansı, ilişki yönetimi ve genel yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Yetişkin DEHB’si olan bireyler arasında iş kaybı oranlarının daha yüksek olduğu ve kazalara daha yatkın oldukları bildirilmektedir. DEHB’nin etiyolojisine yönelik çalışmalarda, genetik faktörlerin rolü büyüktür. “DEHB’nin kalıtımsal geçiş oranı, ikiz çalışmaları ve aile araştırmalarıyla %70-80 arasında bulunmuştur”. Ancak yalnızca genetik faktörlerin değil, çevresel etkilerin de önemli katkılar sunduğu belirtilmektedir. Beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları, özellikle frontal korteks ve striatum bölgelerinde yapısal ve fonksiyonel anormallikler saptandığını ortaya koymuştur. Sosyal ve psikolojik faktörler de DEHB’nin şiddeti ve seyri üzerinde belirleyici olabilir. “Erken yaşantılarda yaşanan stres ve travmalar DEHB semptomlarının şiddetlenmesine katkıda bulunabilir”. Yetişkinlik döneminde DEHB tanısı almış bireyler, sıklıkla duygudurum bozuklukları, anksiyete bozuklukları ve madde kullanım bozuklukları gibi eş tanılarla başvurmaktadır. Tedavi yaklaşımlarında farmakoterapi ve psikoterapinin birlikte kullanımı önerilmektedir. “Meta-analizler, psikostimülanların yetişkin DEHB semptomlarını azaltmada etkili olduğunu göstermektedir” Ancak tek başına ilaç tedavisinin yeterli olmadığı, bireysel psikoterapiler ve bilişsel davranışçı terapilerin de uzun vadeli sonuçlar için önemli olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, DEHB’nin yetişkin bireylerin günlük yaşamlarındaki etkileri kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmış; tanı, etiyoloji, belirtiler, tedavi yöntemleri ve literatürdeki güncel bulgular doğrultusunda analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, DEHB’nin yaşam boyu süren bir bozukluk olduğunu ve bireysel, toplumsal düzeyde ciddi etkiler doğurduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dikkat Eksikliği, Hiperaktivite, Yetişkin DEHB, Günlük Yaşam, İşlevsellik, Psikososyal Etkiler, Tedavi Yöntemleri, Nörogelişimsel Bozukluk
ABSTRACT
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes significant functional impairments in adulthood as well as in childhood. “Adult ADHD is described as a persistent disorder that severely affects academic, occupational, and social functioning”. Studies have shown that ADHD adversely impacts workplace performance, relationship management, and overall quality of life among adults. Adults with ADHD are reported to have higher rates of job loss and a greater susceptibility to accidents. Genetic factors play a substantial role in the etiology of ADHD. “The heritability rate of ADHD has been found to be between 70-80% through twin and family studies”. Nevertheless, environmental factors also contribute significantly. Neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional abnormalities particularly in the frontal cortex and striatum. Social and psychological factors also influence the severity and course of ADHD. “Early life stress and traumas may contribute to the intensification of ADHD symptoms”. Adults diagnosed with ADHD frequently present with comorbid mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Current treatment approaches recommend the combined use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. “Meta-analyses show that psychostimulants are effective in reducing adult ADHD symptoms”. However, medication alone is not sufficient; individual psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are crucial for long-term outcomes. In this review study, the effects of ADHD on the daily lives of adults have been comprehensively discussed, analyzing diagnosis, etiology, symptoms, treatment methods, and recent literature findings. The results suggest that ADHD is a lifelong disorder with serious individual and societal impacts.
Keywords: Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Adult ADHD, Daily Life, Functionality, Psychosocial Effects, Treatment Methods, Neurodevelopmental Disorder
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