A Review of the Effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on Daily Life in Adults
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15719213Keywords:
Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, Adult ADHD, Daily Life, Functionality, Psychosocial Effects, Treatment Methods, Neurodevelopmental DisorderAbstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes significant functional impairments in adulthood as well as in childhood. “Adult ADHD is described as a persistent disorder that severely affects academic, occupational, and social functioning”. Studies have shown that ADHD adversely impacts workplace performance, relationship management, and overall quality of life among adults. Adults with ADHD are reported to have higher rates of job loss and a greater susceptibility to accidents. Genetic factors play a substantial role in the etiology of ADHD. “The heritability rate of ADHD has been found to be between 70-80% through twin and family studies”. Nevertheless, environmental factors also contribute significantly. Neuroimaging studies have revealed structural and functional abnormalities particularly in the frontal cortex and striatum. Social and psychological factors also influence the severity and course of ADHD. “Early life stress and traumas may contribute to the intensification of ADHD symptoms”. Adults diagnosed with ADHD frequently present with comorbid mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Current treatment approaches recommend the combined use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. “Meta-analyses show that psychostimulants are effective in reducing adult ADHD symptoms”. However, medication alone is not sufficient; individual psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy are crucial for long-term outcomes. In this review study, the effects of ADHD on the daily lives of adults have been comprehensively discussed, analyzing diagnosis, etiology, symptoms, treatment methods, and recent literature findings. The results suggest that ADHD is a lifelong disorder with serious individual and societal impacts.
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